《美国对等贸易法案》的立法动向及其对全球价值链的潜在影响

The Legislative Trend of the United States Reciprocal Trade Act and Its Potential Impact on Global Value Chains

《美国对等贸易法案》的主要目的是扩大美国行政部门对其他国家征收关税的权力,允许行政部门与其他国家谈判贸易协定,并在确定存在对美国商品销售产生负面影响的贸易壁垒时征收关税。虽然只是一项立法草案,但其既有白宫贸易顾问彼得·纳瓦罗的积极推动,又有特朗普总统在国情咨文中明确提出要求国会支持和批准,反映了特朗普政府的扩权冲动。但该法案的立法基础存在明显问题,违背了WTO所确立的关税互惠和最惠国原则,并未整体考虑经济体之间的贸易结构及其客观存在的合理性,将使美国总统的单方面征税权利获得巨大扩张,使全球价值链的自然发展遭受不确定性的巨大困扰。无论该法案通过与否,都值得重点关注。

The main purpose of the United States Reciprocal Trade Act is to expand the authority of the U.S.Executive Branch to impose tariffs on other countries,to allow the Executive Branch to negotiate trade agreements with other countries,and to impose tariffs when trade barriers exist that negatively affect the sale of U.S.goods.It’s just a draft bill,but it reflects both the aggressive push of White House trade adviser Peter Navarro and President Trump’s explicit request for Congress’s support and approval in his State of the Union Address.However,there are obvious problems in the legislative basis of this bill,which violates the principle of reciprocal tariff and Most-Favored Nation established by the WTO.The bill does not consider the trade structure between countries as a whole and the rationality of its objective existence.It will greatly expand the unilateral right of the President of the United States to impose tariff,and cause the natural development of global value chain,industrial chain and supply chain to suffer great uncertainty.Whether the bill passes or not,it deserves our attention.