位于剥削之巅——古代西南亚的阶级和国家模式（英文）

At the Apex of Exploitation:A Model for Class and State in Ancient Southwest Asia

这篇论文在古代西南亚语境中呈现了古代以色列的阶级和国家模式。文章运用实证资料和马克思主义方法,提出阶级冲突是国家形成的先决条件。据此,其分析始于阶级,阶级涉及客观因素与主观因素之间的差异。客观地说,阶级取决于它与生产方式的关系;从主观上看,它又需要某种来自对其对手身份辨识的意识。鉴于此,对占少数的统治阶级和各类务农劳工(尤其那些不同等级的和乡村社群中的劳工)的不同作用加以评估是有可能的。至于国家,它是难以处理的阶级冲突的后果,其间某个阶级夺取国家机器,将它转换成谋求其自身利益的工具。之后,该阶级会以武力威慑与言辞劝说的结合维护其统治。

The present article offers a model regarding class and state in ancient Israel situated in the context of ancient Southwest Asia.Drawing upon empirical data and Marxist methods, it argues that class conflict is a prerequisite for the state. Therefore, analysis begins with class, which involves a distinction between objective and subjective factors. Objectively, class is determined by the relation with the means of productions; subjectively, it requires a consciousness that is generated by the identification of an opponent. In this light, it is possible to assess the different roles of the small ruling class and the various types of agricultural labor(especially those of estates and village communities).As for the state, it is the result of intractable class conflict, in which one class seizes the machinery of state and turns it into a tool for its own interests. This class deploys a combination of force and persuasion to assert its dominance.