美国联邦法院司法管辖权的收缩及其启示

The Contraction of the Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of U.S.Federal Courts and Its Implications

近年来,随着美国经济危机的加深,美国社会保守主义有复苏的倾向。在司法上,美国联邦法院中的保守势力也有所抬头,其表现就是在涉外民事诉讼领域,法院开始收缩长期以来形成的长臂管辖原则。联邦最高法院在2011年的固特异案和麦金太尔案中,对属人管辖权进行了严格解释,否决了美国法院对外国公司的一般管辖权和特别管辖权。在2010年的莫里森案中,联邦最高法院同样推翻了长期以来的"行为和效果标准",否决了美国法院在证券侵权诉讼中对外国上市公司的事项管辖权。美国法院管辖权的收缩是美国司法保守主义复活的反映,但并不意味着美国法院因此就变成了纸老虎。当前正在美国法院审理的针对中国银行的诉讼就说明了这一点,中国企业仍然应当对美国法院的域外管辖权提高警惕。

In recent years,with the deepening of the economic crisis in the United States,the conservatism has recoveried in the U.S.society.The conservatism in the U.S.Federal Courts is also on the rise.In the area of foreign-related civil actions,the federal courts begins to draw back its long-arm jurisdiction.In2011,the Supreme Court strictly interpreted the personal jurisdiction in the Goodyear case and the McIntyre case and rejected the general jurisdiction and special jurisdiction over the foreign companies.In the Morrison case in 2010,the Supreme Court also overruled the long-standing 'conducts and effects' test and rejected the jurisdiction of U.S.courts in the securities infringement litigation against a foreign company.The contraction of the court's jurisdiction in the United States is a reflection of the resurrection of the American judicial conservatism,but it does not mean that the U.S.courts therefore become a paper tiger.Chinese enterprises should be vigilant about the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the U.S.courts.