与克里米亚“脱乌入俄事件”有关的国际法问题

Issues of International Law Concerning Crimea's Independence from Ukraine and Merging with Russia

克里米亚"脱乌入俄事件"涉及国际法上的民族自决原则与国家领土完整原则。民族自决原则与国家领土完整原则同属于国际法基本原则,并具有强行法性质,但是各有不同的侧重点。领土完整是国家主权的第一要素,构成国际法的基础和核心。民族自决包含"对内自决"和"对外自决"两个基本方面,主要适用于现有主权国家的人民、殖民地人民、外国占领和统治下的人民等主体。不构成人民的主权国家內的少数民族或族群,其所享有的权利不是现行国际法上的民族自决权。公民投票或全民公决自近代以来已经发展成为行使自决权和确定争议领土的政治地位的一种常用途径,但公民投票应符合一些基本原则才具有合法性和有效性。科索沃单方面宣布独立不构成国际法上的先例。

The Crimea's Declaration of Independence from Ukraine and Merging with Russia is related to self-determination of peoples and territorial integrity in international law.Both self-determination of peoples and territorial integrity are fundamental principles and jus cogens of international law,though each has different priorities.Territorial integrity is the first and foremost element of state sovereignty on which states exercise their governance and jurisdiction.Self-determination contains two basic elements,namely internal determination and external determination,mainly applying to peoples of an existing state and colonial peoples and peoples under foreign occupation and ruling.Minority nationalities or ethnic groups who do not constitute peoples do not have the right to self-determination in international law.Since modern times referendum has already developed to be a common way of exercising the right to selfdetermination and determining the political status of disputed territory,but referendum must be in accordance with some basic principles to obtain legitimacy and effectiveness.Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence does not constitute a precedent in the international law.