从嗣后行为理论看WTO“加入议定书”性质

Insight on Legal Nature of WTO Accession Protocol from the Perspective of Subsequent Practice Theory

WTO"加入议定书"的法律定性涉及到WTO体系的正当性、合法性以及条约解释等重要问题。WTO"加入议定书"是否属于修改WTO协定普遍规则的嗣后行为,对于这一命题的判定,须建立在嗣后行为理论的发展规律基础之上。《维也纳条约法公约》的编纂与国际司法机构的实践以及当前国际法委员会"条约随时间演进"的专题研究,都趋向于将嗣后行为功能限定在条约解释而非条约修改的范畴。WTO的立法与司法实践严密防范依嗣后行为的解释而产生修改条约的结果。WTO"加入议定书"不是修改了WTO协定的嗣后行为,WTO"加入议定书"中的"超WTO义务"(WTO-plus)条款是WTO一般规则对新加入成员的歧视适用。

The legal nature of WTO Accession Protocol relates to the issues of the legality and legitimacy of WTO system,and the treaty interpretation as well.That whether WTO Accession Protocol is the subsequent practice modifying the general rules of WTO agreements should be made on the basis of the rules of subsequent practice.As to the legal status of subsequent practice,the codification of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the practices of the International judiciary agents,as well as the current research in the programme of 'Treaties over Time' by International Law Commission,tend to classify subsequent practice as in the scope of treaty interpretation rather than treaty modification.Meanwhile,the legislative and judicial practices in WTO restrictively prevent the interpretation by subsequent practice with the effect of treaty modification.WTO-plus provisions in WTO Accession Protocol are neither the kind of subsequent practice modifying WTO agreements nor the successive treaty of WTO agreements in Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties.Rather,they are kinds of differentiated and discriminatory application of the rules of WTO agreements to new acceded members.