私营军事安保公司对国际法的冲击及其规制

Private Military and Security Companies' Challenge to International Law and Their Regulation

随着国际形势的变化以及全球对军事和安保服务的庞大需求,私营军事安保公司作为一类特殊的工商业实体,在过去二十多年的时间里,得到了极为迅猛的发展。然而,私营军事安保公司的活跃,对现有国际法,尤其是国际人权法、国际人道法和国际刑法等造成了不小的冲击。此外,私营军事安保公司缺乏国际、国内层面的有效规制,也是一段时间以来困扰国际社会的问题。对此,国际社会已经意识到,对于这一特殊的行业,需要为其制定一套完整的法律规范。目前,在国际层面,主要国家签署了规制私营军事安保公司的"软法"性文件——《蒙特勒文件》,联合国拟定了关于规制私营军事安保公司的公约草案,私营军事安保行业也自发地制定了有关行业行为准则等。在国内层面,无论是私营军事安保公司的母国、雇佣国,还是其开展业务活动的所在国,都致力于发展并完善有关规制私营军事安保公司的国内法律体系。

With the change of international circumstances and the world's huge demands for military and security services, private military and security companies( PMSCs), which is a special type of industrial and commercial entities,have been developed rapidly over the past two decades. However,the activities of PMSCs bring great challenge to International Law, including International Human Rights Law,International Humanitarian Law, and International Criminal Law. In addition, lack of efficient regulation of PMSCs both at the international and domestic levels seems troublesome to the International Community. Gradually,the International Community came to realize that regulating PMSCs needs a set of legal norms and rules. Currently,great efforts have been made at international level for regulating PMSCs,such as the "soft law"— "Montreux Document " signed by relevant countries, a draft convention prepared the United Nnations,and the criterions of conduct formulated by PMSCs industry. At domestic level,the home states, the contracting states of PMSCs, and the territorial states also endeavor to develop domestic legal systems for regulating PMSCs.