论海军外交的博奕与法律基础

On the Legal Basis and Trade-off of the Naval Diplomacy

军舰由于其天然的优势,在国际法中有着特殊地位,非常适合被用作政府解决海洋争端、维护国家利益的外交工具。以军舰为载体的海军外交,在近些年的国际实践中已经大放异彩。本文以国际法为基础对海军外交这一概念作出定义,并以中国的海军外交实践为例,归纳了当下中国海军外交的主要类型。本文还对和平时期限制海军外交的军事利用的各类国际条约进行了梳理和分类,讨论了目前国际环境下海军外交所面临的困境,包括海域划界问题导致的相关海域权利归属不明,以及各国对《联合国海洋法公约》的不同解释引发的相互冲突的法律主张。本文针对上述问题对中国的海军外交提出若干可行性建议,包括制定与完善海军外交行动细则,强化1982年《联合国海洋法公约》在官兵日常训练中的学习,以及增强国家间政治互信和广泛开展安全合作。

Warship,together with its inherent advantages and special legal status under international law,can be adapted by the government for diplomatic work,convenient for solving maritime disputes and safeguarding national interests. Naval diplomacy, which is conducted by the warship, has achieved extraordinary results in foreign affairs. This paper focuses on the definition regarding naval diplomacy,then concludes the types of naval diplomacy combined with China's navy diplomatic practice. This paper also focuses on the classification and arrangement of related treaties which are used to restrict the military use of naval diplomacy in peacetime. Discussion also extends to the challenges under current international background that naval diplomacy confronted with,which includes that unfinished delimitation of sea area leads to uncertainty of sovereignty adscription, divarication of convention's explanation results in conflicting of legal claims. This paper concludes by providing some possible advices in connection with the challenges that mentioned above, which include to formulate detailed rules by-law for naval military operation in peacetime,strengthen the utility of the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea in regular training,and enhance the politically mutual trust and security cooperation.