论《联合国海洋法公约》第298条“任择性例外”——兼评南海仲裁案中的管辖权问题

Article 298( Optional Exceptions) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Evaluation on the Jurisdiction Issue of the South China Sea Arbitration

在第三次海洋法会议上,第298条作为争端解决强制程序的"任择性例外"被纳入《联合国海洋法公约》。缔约国可以依据第298条,通过声明的方式将海洋划界、历史性海湾或历史性所有权等争端排除在争端解决强制程序之外。南海仲裁案管辖权问题中的核心之一就是,除了可受理性问题,菲律宾所提的15项诉求是否落入中国于2006年声明所排除的争端中,从而仲裁庭无权管辖。在重点论述第298条的缔约历史和该条款的文本内容后,本文将针对仲裁庭2015年《管辖权和可受理性裁决》和2016年的最终裁决,对其与第298条的关联问题进行分析,指出仲裁庭在管辖权问题上的不当和谬误。

During the third conference on the law of the sea,as 'optional exceptions'to the dispute settlement mechanism under the Convention, Article 298 was incorporated into the provisions of the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea( UNCLOS). Pursuing to Article 298,State parties have the right to make declaration to exclude certain disputes such as maritime delimitation,historic bays or titles etc., from the compulsory jurisdiction procedures of UNCLOS. Aside from the issue of admissibility,the core issue of the jurisdiction of the South China Sea case is,whether the fifteen claims of the Philippines fall into the disputes which were excluded by the 2006 Declaration made by China,therefore preclude the possibility for the Tribunal to exercise jurisdiction. This article begins with an indepth study on the negotiation history of Article 298 during the third conference,and then summaries major jurisdiction issues contained in the two Awards released by the South China Sea Arbitration Tribunal. Mistakes and imprudent decisions made by the Tribunal will be further analyzed and concluded in the end of this paper.