试论晋冀豫地区北朝石窟寺的地理分布

On the Distribution of the Northern Dynasties Cave Temples Based on the Samples in the Shanxi,Henan and Hebei Areas

佛教石窟寺起源于古印度,于两汉之际传入西域,尔后逐渐东传,至北朝时期,广布中国北方大部,且多开凿于佛教中心周边。晋冀豫地区作为北朝不同阶段佛教中心的主要聚集地,石窟密布。运用历史地理学的研究方法,结合大量的古籍文献和考古材料,通过分析此地区50余处大中小型石窟寺遗存的分布状况,总结出它们的分布规律:石窟寺多分布在以佛教中心为依托,以连接各佛教中心的交通线为脉络的僻静山林中。这种分布格局是受当地自然环境、交通条件、佛教基础、经济人口状况,以及北朝统治者的佛教政策等诸多因素共同影响的结果。

Originated in ancient India,spreaded to the Western China at the occasion of Two Han Dynasties,the Buddhist cave temples got to spread eastward since then.By the time of the Northern Dynasties,they were widely distributed in most northern China areas,and were mostly carved around the center of Buddhism.Before the battle of Pingliang,the Northen Buddhism center is Liangzhou and Xi’an.After that,the center moved to the capital city of Pingcheng.Later when the capital of Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang,the center moved along with it.At the time when the Northern Wei Dynasty was seperated into the Eastern and Western Wei,City Ye and Chang’an both became the new Buddhism centers.Based on the Buddhism centers of different times,the carving of cave temples embraced an unprecedented prosperous stage in the Shanxi,Henan and Hebei Areas.By analysing over fifty historical remains of Northern Dynasties cave temples,this paper summarized their distribution patterns:the cave temples were mostly carved along the transit lines.Based on the Buddhism centers,they were located in the secluded mountains.Taking the local natural environment,traffic conditions,Buddhist foundation,economic demographic situation,as well as Buddhist rulers’policy and many other factors into consideration,this was a result of combined effects.