关于唐代龙门石窟中圆形束腰台座坐佛像的研究

A Study about the Buddha Statues with Round Pedestal of the Tang Dynasty in Longmen Grottoes

本文以7世纪80年代后期开始在龙门石窟中大量出现的圆形束腰台座坐佛像为主要研究对象,兼及同窟的弟子像、菩萨像、天王像、力士像等,对其发展过程进行了梳理。其结果,笔者以7世纪90年代前期为界限将圆形束腰台座佛像划分成两个部分。在此之前,圆形束腰台座的坐佛像大多身着双领下垂式袈裟,且佛像、弟子像、菩萨像等从7世纪60年代中期至70年代初的造像中继承了龙门石窟本来的流行形式。而从7世纪90年代中期开始,圆形束腰台座坐佛像中所占比例最大的第三类(束腰部无球形隆起,且无悬裳座)造像,产生了定型化的趋势,其主尊几乎都身着通肩式袈裟,胸腹之间的袈裟刻出'U'字形衣文线,施降魔印,透过袈裟能看到双腿轮廓,单腿在外结跏趺坐。此外,笔者还将圆形束腰台座坐佛像的小窟于与同时期的大、中型窟进行了简单的比较,考察了两者之间的异同。其结果,两者应该分属于不同的工人系统,但彼此之间并不是完全没有联系。最后,结合7世纪90年代龙门石窟和洛阳城内的营造活动,笔者试着对7世纪90年代中期第三类圆形束腰台座坐佛像发生定型化的原因进行了探讨。除了八木春生所指出的,690~705年龙门的大部分工人可能都集中在东山之外,更为重要的是,这或许与此时期武则天在洛阳城内的大规模的营造活动有所关联。

In this paper,the author chose the Buddha statues with round pedestal which began to appear in large numbers in Longmen Grottoes in the late 680 s,as the main research object,combined with the Buddhist monk,bodhisattva,heavenly king,guardian statues,sort the process of their development.In the author’s opinion,these Buddha statues with round pedestal are divided into two parts by early 690 s.Before that,these Buddha statues with round pedestal mostly wear the Han type cassock,and these Buddha,Buddhist monk,bodhisattva statues inherit the popular style from mid 660 s to early 670 s in Longmen Grottoes.From mid 690 s,the largest group of the Buddha statues with round pedestal(the third type)are modeled.These Buddha statues wear shoulder covering cassock,and their hand position are earth-touching sign.The author also compared these caves with the Buddha statues with round pedestal,with the larger caves in the same period.As these result,their makers are belonged to different groups.Finally,the author analyse the reason of the Buddha statues with round pedestal(the third type)are modeled in mid 690 s.It may be connected to the large scale construction events in Luoyang,which are sponsored by Empress Wu Zetian in mid 690 s.