陕北明代石窟天井图案考察

Investigation of Grotto Ceiling Patterns of Ming Dynasty in North Shaanxi Province

陕北明代洞窟保存着一批丰富多彩,且系统性较强的天井图案,这种情况在同时期中国独一无二。陕北明代石窟天井藻井、平棊,在当地宋金石窟天井的基础上发展而来,又在其上浮雕八卦符号、动植物及人物等图案,使其内容变得更加丰富精美。本文以四次实地调查为第一手资料,采用考古类型学方法,首先将陕北明代石窟天井布局分为圆形(或八角形)藻井+地纹、方格平棊+地纹、圆形(或八角形)藻井+方格平棊+地纹组合三种形式,然后逐一分析天井藻井与平棊细部图案及地纹因素,试图厘清陕北明代石窟天井图案的发展脉络和规律,为深入了解这一时期中国建筑天井布置和装饰提供借鉴。

Numerous colorful and systematic ceiling patterns of Ming dynasty were kept in the grottos of North Shaanxi province,which was unique in the same historic period.The caisson and squared ceiling of grotto ceilings of Ming dynasty in North Shaanxi province was developed on the basis of local grotto ceilings of Song and Jin dynasties.Symbols of Eight Trigram,animals and plants and human beings were raised on it,which made its content more colorful and exquisite.Based on the first hand data collected from four times of field investigation and adopting the archaeological typology method,the layout of grotto ceilings of Ming dynasty were classified into three types such as circle/octagon caisson+background lines,squared ceiling+background lines and circle/octagon caisson+squared ceiling+background lines;fine patterns of ceiling caisson and squared ceiling and elements of background lines were analyzed one by one,trying to make clear the development path and rules of grotto ceiling patterns of Ming dynasty in North Shaanxi province and providing reference for further understanding of ceiling layout and decoration of Chinese architect during Ming dynasty.