从四库馆臣的“升降革罚”看乾隆帝驭臣策略

From Si Ku Quan Shu Officials’s the Promotion and Punishment Survey Emperor Qianlong Management Method

乾隆帝是清代一位非常有作为的君主,在位期间其文治武功颇有建树,特别是乾隆皇帝十分重视吏治,他认为'为政之道,损益随时,宽猛互济'。在四库全书馆成立后,乾隆帝通过任命心腹重臣担任总裁的方式,牢牢控制着《四库全书》修纂的指导方向。通过总裁们制定《功过处分条例》的方式,他强化了对四库馆臣的考核。赏罚分明是乾隆帝管理馆臣的目标,但是在实际执行中常常是赏少罚多,赏轻罚重。因此,对馆臣的驾驭表现出赏轻罚重、宽严相济和恩威并施等特点。在《四库全书》修幕期间,乾隆帝经常通过谕旨干预书籍的修纂工作,而且其好大喜功、爱听谀言的性格特征,使得他的驭臣之术又表现出专制之特点。

As an important monarch in Qing Dynasty, Qianlong paid special attaches great importance to the official. During his reign, he thought that the administration officals should reward and punishment, tempering justice with mercy. After the establishment of the Si Ku Quan Shu office, emperor Qianlong was firmly in control of the guiding direction of the revision of Si Ku Quan Shu by appointing his confidant and chief executive. He reinforced the assessment of the Si Ku Quan Shu officials through the way that the chief executive worked out the punishment ordinance. The reward and punishment is the goal of emperor Qianlong’s management, but it is often more punishment and less reward frequently in practice. Therefore, the control of the officials shows the characteristics of much punishment and little reward,temper justice with mercy. During the period of Si Ku Quan Shu compiling, emperor Qianlong often intervene compiling through his orders,because of his excesses and love listening to lies traits of character, he makes the management of officials also showed the characteristics of autocracy.