精英俘获与大众俘获存在吗——来自森林碳汇扶贫的经验证据

Elite Capture and Mass Capture: Based on Empirical Evidence from Poverty Alleviation by Forest Carbon Sequestration

森林碳汇扶贫是少数民族地区和贫困地区生态扶贫的重要抓手。为进一步挖掘森林碳汇扶贫功能、提升森林碳汇扶贫成效,有必要量化和剖析森林碳汇扶贫偏误。基于川西南、川西北两个地区的调查数据,借鉴精英俘获和大众俘获测量方法,探讨森林碳汇扶贫偏误的原因。囿于森林碳汇项目开发对精英群体示范带动作用的依赖,精英俘获现象在森林碳汇项目农户参与阶段明显,且在短时间内难以消除;大众俘获现象在利益分配阶段大量存在,且囿于项目运行机制和村落生态、社会、经济特征村落之间差异显著。减少森林碳汇扶贫偏误、提升森林碳汇扶贫成效的思路在于:参与阶段在允许一定精英俘获的背景下,通过精英群体与贫困群体的帮扶极大可能地增加贫困人口参与程度;利益分配阶段通过项目运行机制设计、异地搬迁、村组人才引进等措施降低大众俘获程度,增强贫困人口对森林碳汇所带来的基础设施改善等福利的获取。

The implementation of forest carbon sequestration for poverty alleviation in minority areas and poverty-stricken areas is an important grasp of poverty alleviation in minority areas and poor areas. It is necessary to quantify and analyze forest carbon sequestration poverty alleviation to further excavate the function and of improve the effectiveness of forest carbon sequestration. Based on the survey data of two regions in Southwest Sichuan and Northwest Sichuan,the regression analysis model is used to quantify the errors of the forest carbon sequestration through the measurement method of elite capture and mass capture. Because of the dependence on the demonstration and driving effect of the forest carbon sequestration project on the elite group,the phenomenon of elite capture is obvious in the stage of farmers’ participation in the project of forest carbon sequestration,which is difficult to eliminate in a short time. The phenomenon of mass capture exists in the benefit distribution stage,and there is significant difference between villages due to the operation mechanism and the ecological,social and economic factors. The idea of reducing the error of forest carbon sequestration and improving the effectiveness of forest carbon sequestration is that,in the participation stage,it is possible to increase the participation of the poor population through the help of the elite group and the poor group under the background of allowing a certain elite capture,and that,in the benefit distribution stage,measures such as operation mechanism design,relocation,the introduction of talents from village groups can reduce the level of mass capture and enhance the poor’s access to welfare benefits such as infrastructure improvement brought about by forest carbon sinks.