我国男子短跑后备人才专项体能素质与100 M成绩的关联性研究

A Study on the Correlation between Special Physical Fitness of Chinese Men’s Sprint Reserve Talents and Their 100 M Performance

目的:选取159名奥林匹克高水平后备人才基地在训的男子短跑运动员为研究对象,探讨丙组(12~13岁)、乙组(14~15岁)、甲组(16~17岁)三个年龄组运动员专项体能素质与100 M成绩的关联性,为我国男子短跑后备人才的科学选材及培养工作提供参考。结果表明:(1)一级体能指标与100 M成绩的灰色关联度排序上,三组均为:身体形态>身体素质>生理机能。(2)对100 M成绩影响较高的身体形态指标主要集中于人体在完成高速跑技术动作结构的先天性物理限定因素(身高、下肢长、体成分等指标);生理机能指标主要集中于能量代谢指标(血红蛋白)和激素类指标(血清睾酮);身体素质指标主要集中于对加速能力(30 M)、绝对速度(60 M)、速度耐力(150 M)、下肢反应力量(CMJ冲量、DJ冲量、CMJ腾空高度)等方面。(3)教练员及科研人员应注重青少年男子短跑运动员加速能力、最大速度能力、速度耐力、下肢反应力量素质的测试和训练,在发展的'敏感期'重视发展肌肉的收缩速度和力量素质的平衡发展与转化,注重专项身体素质能力培养的同时,还要兼顾间接身体素质能力的提升。

Objective:To explore the correlation between special physical fitness and 100 M performance of 159 male sprinters in the Olympic high-level reserve talent base,who were in Group A(12~13 years old),Group B(14~15 years old)and Group C(16~17 years old),to provide reference for the selection and training of men’s sprint reserve talents in China.Results:(1)In the order of grey relation between first-grade physical fitness index and 100 M performance,all the three groups presented the sequence of body shape>body quality>physiological function;(2)Body shape indicators having a greater influence on 100 M performance are mainly congenital physical limitation factors(height,length of lower limbs,body composition)which are used to complete the technical movement structure of high-speed running;Physiological function indicators are mainly energy metabolism indicators(hemoglobin)and hormone indicators(serum testosterone);Physical fitness indicators are mainly acceleration ability(30 M),absolute speed(60 M),speed endurance(150 M),lower limb reaction strength(CMJ impulse,DJ impulse,CMJ altitude);(3)Coaches and scientific researchers should pay attention to the test and training of young sprinters’acceleration ability,maximum speed ability,speed endurance and lower limb reaction strength quality.During the'sensitive period',they should pay attention to the balanced development and transformation of muscle contraction speed and strength quality,to cultivate special physical quality ability while giving consideration to the improvement of indirect physical quality.