长白山不同林型土壤水源涵养功能特征

Characteristics of Water Conservation Functions of Soils in Different Forest Types in Changbai Mountains

为了研究长白山森林水源涵养功能,连续3年在长白山研究了3种主要森林类型(针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林)土壤特性和水源涵养功能。结果表明:(1)不同林型土壤密度随土层深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,相同土层土壤密度大小基本表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。不同林型土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,相同土层土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度基本表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林;然而相同土层毛管孔隙度大小基本表现为针阔混交林<针叶林<阔叶林。(2)土壤总孔隙度和土层深度以指数函数方程拟合最好,而土壤总孔隙度土层深度以对数函数方程拟合最好,其中针阔混交林相关系数最高。(3)土壤剖面各层次的自然含水量、土壤通气性、饱和蓄水量、最大持水量、有效持水量、毛管蓄水量和非毛管蓄水量均随着土层深度的递增而逐渐降低,相同土层自然含水量、土壤通气性、饱和蓄水量、最大持水量、有效持水量、毛管蓄水量和非毛管蓄水量基本表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。(4)不同林型土壤稳渗速度、渗透系数(K1,K10)随土层深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,相同土层基本表现为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。(5)相关性分析表明土壤渗透性能与总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均为极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),与毛管孔隙度呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),其中,非毛管孔隙状况对土壤渗透性的影响更为显著。层次分析法显示,不同林型综合能力范围为0.714~0.956,大小排序为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林。

Soil characteristics,soil water storage capacity and soil infiltration capacity of three main forest types(coniferous forest,coniferous and broad-leaved forest,broad-leaved forest)were studied for three consecutive years in Changbaishan Mountain.The results showed that:(1)soil density of different forest types increased gradually with the increase of soil depth,and the soil density of the same soil layer basically decreased in the order:mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest>and coniferous forest>broad-leaved forest;the total porosity and capillary porosity of soil in different forest types decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth;however,the capillary porosity of the same soil layer increased in the order:coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest<coniferous forest<broad-leaved forest;(2)soil total porosity and soil depth were best fitted by exponential function equation,the relation between soil depth and total porosity was best fitted by logarithmic function equation,among which had the highest correlation coefficient in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest;(3)natural water content,soil,air permeability,saturation storage capacity,maximum water holding capacity,effective water holding capacity,capillary water and capillary water of all layers in soil profile decreased with the increase of soil depth,soil natural water content,soil,air permeability,saturation storage capacity,maximum water holding capacity,effective water holding capacity,capillary water and capillary water the same layer decreased in the order:mixed forest>coniferous forest>needle broad-leaved forest;(4)the steady infiltration rate and permeability coefficient(K1 and K10)of soil in different forest types gradually increased with the increase of soil depth,and the permeability coefficient of the same soil layer decreased in the order:mixed forest>coniferous forest>needle broad-leaved forest;(5)the correlation analysis showed that soil permeability had a significantly positive correlation with total porosity and non-capillary porosity(p<0.01),and a significantly negative correlation with capillary porosity(p<0.01),among which non-capillary porosity had a more significant impact on soil permeability.The water conservation functions of different forest types in Changbaishan Mountain was quantitatively evaluated by analytic hierarchy process.The results showed that the comprehensive capacities of different forest types ranged from 0.714 to 0.956,and decreased in the order:mixed forest>coniferous forest>needle broad-leaved forest.