生态系统中流的分解与能量最小耗损原理

RESOLUTION OF FLOW AND PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM LOSS OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM

本文从一般的生态系统模式出发讨论生态系统的几个基本问题。考虑图1表示的陆地生态系统,整个系统由六个子系统（或称分室）组成,分別为植物群,不同营养层次的动物群,枯落物和土壤,近地面空气层（图1）。系统与环境之间有物质和能量交换,是一个开放系统。箭头表示流向。ρ?、μ?、τ?和λtj分别表示各个有关分室的呼吸速率常数、死亡加排泄的速率常数、摄食速率常数和输运速率常数,p、g。

When an ecosystem appears in a steady states, its flow can been resolvod into parts; reversible equilibrium and cyclic equilibrium. Succession and stability of the ecosystem should be explained with non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory. With advance of succession, loss of energy minimized as it transfer directionally along food web after entering ecosystem. This is called principle of minimum loss of energy.