近三十年青藏高原湿地变化及其驱动力研究进展

Research progress on alpine wetland changes and driving forces in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the last three decades

青藏高原发育着世界上独一无二的大面积的高寒湿地,在气候调节、水源补给等方面发挥着极其重要的作用。因其独特的地理环境,它也成为了全球气候变化的敏感区、预警区,已引起国内外学者的高度关注。本文综述了近30年来青藏高原主要湿地类型在湿地面积、湿地土壤、湿地水文、湿地动植物等要素方面的变化及其驱动因子,并提出青藏高原湿地研究的重点方向。青藏高原气候变化的基本特征是变暖和变湿;湿地面积在1970—2000年总体呈现减少态势; 2000年后,湿地萎缩态势减缓,面积呈现出一定程度的增加;湿地土壤表层湿度降低,碳排放能力增大,植被覆盖呈现退化趋势;气温升高、地表蒸散发量增大、降水量增加、鼠害增加等是导致青藏高原湿地变化的主要驱动力,同时还受牲畜数量增加、资源开采、道路工程建设等人为影响;受青藏高原特殊的地理位置和自然条件限制,高寒湿地研究缺乏基础数据支撑,未来应主要集中在应用遥感技术和长期定位监测手段收集基础数据资料,开展相关机制研究。

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has unique and large-scale alpine wetlands in the world,which plays an important role in climate regulation and water supply. Due to its unique geographical environment,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a sensitive zone and an early warning zone for global climate change,which has attracted worldwide attention. Here,we reviewed the changes of wetland area,wetland soil,wetland hydrology,wetland plants and animals and their driving factors in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in recent three decades,and put forward the key directions of wetland research in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The basic characteristics of climate change in the QinghaiTibet Plateau were warming and humidifying. Wetland area decreased from 1970 to 2000. After the year of 2000,the degradation of wetland slowed down and the wetland area increased to a certain extent. The surface soil moisture of wetland decreased,carbon emission increased,and vegetation coverage decreased on the whole. The rising temperature,surface evapotranspiration,precipitation and rodent damage were the major driving forces for wetland changes. Meanwhile,wetland changes were affected by human activities,such as the increases of livestock quantity,resource exploitation,and road engineering. Due to the special geographical location and the constraint of the natural conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,we lack basic data of alpine wetlands. Further research should mainly focus on the application of remote sensing technology and long-term positioning monitoring means to collect basic data and carry out relevant mechanism research.