从特种教育到保学:苏区革命后国民政府在江西的政治教化

From Special Education to Bao-Xue:The National Government's Political Edification in Jiangxi after the Soviet Revolution

苏区革命期间,中国共产党在文化教育方面的成就,尤其是阶级教育和意识形态教育的深入人心,引起了国民党的高度警觉。为从思想上、教育上消弭革命,国民政府以苏区革命为历史契机,先在"收复区"举办特种教育,后在江西全省推行保学。以上举措不仅是国民党战时政治"剿匪"、战后思想"清匪"的应急手段,也是国民党"训导"民众成为合格国民、重建和加强自身统治合法性的政治教化手段。这种政治教化手段尽管在具体实施中遭遇各种问题,但仍使此后的乡村义务教育打上了较深的"党化"烙印,其背后折射的正是南京国民政府建立以后国民党"以党治国"的政治逻辑,是国民党"党化教育"向乡村的延伸。

During the Soviet revolution,the Communist Party of China( CPC) 's achievements in the field of culture and education,and particularly their prevailing class education and ideological education among people; have aroused the Kuomintang( KMT) 's high alert. In order to eliminate the Revolution from the ideological and educational aspects,the National Government,making use of the Soviet Revolution as a historical opportunity,firstly organized special education in the recaptured region,and then carried out Bao- Xue in Jiangxi province. These measures were not only the KMT's emergency methods for ' suppressing bandits' politically during the wartime and ' eliminating bandits' ideologically after the war; but also the KMT's political edification methods for ' disciplining' people to be qualified citizens,reconstructing and strengthening its rule's legitimacy. Although these political edification methods have encountered various problems in practical execution,the rural compulsory education thereafter was marked with a deep ' Party' imprint. It reflected the KMT's political logic of ' governing the country by the party' after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government. It was the extension of the KMT's ' party education' to the countryside.