畜禽粪便和粪水厌氧消化技术分析与展望

Perspectives of anaerobic digestion technology for the treatment of livestock manure and wastewater

随着我国畜禽养殖集约化程度的不断提高,畜禽粪污导致的环境污染已成为畜禽养殖业发展面临的重要制约因素。粪污通过厌氧消化可回收能源、生产沼肥和消灭病原菌,避免对环境产生危害,是畜禽粪污处理和资源利用技术链条的核心环节。根据原料性质的差异,将粪污区分为畜禽粪便与养殖废水,分别探讨了这两种处理对象厌氧消化处理的不同技术难点和发展方向。针对畜禽粪便,重点探讨了高含氮粪便厌氧消化过程中存在的氨抑制问题及解除氨抑制的方法;针对养殖废水,介绍了废水处理与回用标准,比较分析了升流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧折流板反应器和自搅拌厌氧折流板反应器等几种代表性的和新型的废水厌氧处理工艺,并展望了技术的创新发展,旨在为畜禽粪便和养殖废水的厌氧消化及废水回用技术的发展提供参考。

With the improvement of the intensive livestock and poultry breeding in China, the environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure has become an important constraint factor for the development of livestock and poultry breeding. Anaerobic digestion is viewed as an alternative technology for recovering energy and elimination of pathogenic bacteria from organic waste streams in the environment. This paper evaluated the differences between livestock manure and manure wastewater, different technical difficulties and development directions during anaerobic digestion processes of these two treatment objects are discussed respectively. The paper further summarized the ammonia inhibition in methane fermentation of nitrogen-rich manure and also evaluated the techniques of minimizing ammonia inhibition in the anaerobic digestion process. Besides, the standards for manure wastewater discharge and for agricultural irrigation were compared. A number of new techniques of wastewater treatment and reuse technologies including up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor, anaerobic membrane bioreactor, anaerobic baffle reactors and self-agitation baffle reactor were also described.Finally, this paper can provide reference for the development of anaerobic digestion and wastewater reuse technology for livestock manure and aquaculture wastewater.