“作新民”还是规训?——马克思对启蒙主义教育观及其历史机制的批判

Creating “New People” or Discipline——Marx's Critique on Enlightenment Education and Its Historical Mechanisms

教育和政治是启蒙主义的两个主要历史表征:通过教育,启蒙哲人试图塑造出能够通过理性来把握永恒真理和道德原则的"新民";通过革命和民主的政治程序,启蒙哲人又试图将教育成果——"新民"及其"新习俗"转变为法律制度的基石,从而使得缺乏理性而又充满暴力的"旧历史"被永久地终结。但是,这一教育和政治互为前提的启蒙逻辑却在阶级剥削、阶级对立的政治经济秩序中遭遇了失落。为了让率先得到启蒙的体面阶层维持来之不易的"文明"体系,启蒙主义教育最终与资产阶级国家机器相统一,将无产阶级规训为遵守资产阶级法权的"臣民"和符合资本增值需求的"产品"。在马克思的启蒙批判理论和后续发展中,揭示启蒙主义教育的规训本质不仅是为了批判资产阶级政治统治,更是为了启发面向全面自由解放的未来教育理论。

Education and politics are the main historical expressions of enlightenment. Enlightenment philosophers tried to create 'new people' with the ability to grasp permanent truth via reason through education.They also tried to transform this enlightenment education into a new custom,which can back up the legal institutions in the new society that terminate the old history of violence and unreason. However,the enlightenment education and politics that support each other finally turned out to be abstract as the reality of class exploitation and contradiction. In order to maintain the civilization created within enlightenment,the enlightenment education eventually unified with the state machine ruled by capitalism,which tried to educate the working class as a subject obeying the capitalist ruling,also as products meeting the needs of capital growth. In the Marxian critique of enlightenment,the disciplinary essence of this education was revealed as a part of the capitalist ruling system,a new concept of education aiming at true development of freedom was also inspired with the concept of communism.