环境史视野下清代河工用秸影响研究

Study on the Impacts of Applying Stalks to River Work in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Environmental History

清代河工物料的征派对区域生态环境和民众生产生活都产生了深远的影响。河工物料从柳束到秫秸的转变,既反映了河工对林木植被的沉重压力,也是黄、运二河改造下的农业环境适合高粱广泛种植的条件使然。河工用秸一方面提高和巩固了高粱在农业种植结构中的比例,另一方面造成了民间燃料和肥料的短缺,加剧了民众的乱砍滥伐以及对山野植被的破坏,进而引发水土流失,危害农业生产。河工物料在派料、运输、交料各环节均存在弊端,是民众生产生活的沉重负担,严重影响了民众生计,造成了尖锐的社会矛盾。如此积渐,最终导致河工地区生态和社会走向了衰败的境地。

The collection and allocation of materials for river work in the Qing dynasty had a profound impact on the regional ecological environment as well as people’s production and life.The change of material type from willow branches to sorghum stalks on the one hand reflected the heavy pressure exerted by the river work on forest vegetation,and on the other hand it was a result of the extensive planting of sorghum.Under the transformation of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal,the agricultural environment became very agreeable for the planting of sorghum.On the one hand,the application of sorghum stalks to river work enhanced and consolidated the importance of sorghum in the agricultural planting structure.On the other hand,it caused a shortage of fuels and fertilizers,so much so that the common people had to turn to wild vegetation for fuel supply,which in turn caused soil erosion and harmed agricultural production.Besides,many malpractices in the distribution,transportation and delivery of stalks for river work had put a heavy burden on people’s production and life,seriously affecting their livelihoods and creating sharp social conflicts.Day by day,the social and ecological situation of the river work region was doomed to decline.