美国平民主义研究的百年起伏

The Rise and Fall of American Populism Studies for About One Hundred Years

美国农民在19世纪后期抗议社会不公的政治思想和社会运动被称为"平民主义",在政治生态和史学思潮的影响下,美国学术界对这一主题的研究经历了多次范式转变。进步主义史家在大萧条的背景下开创了以"利益冲突"为核心的经典研究模式。以霍夫斯塔特为代表的知识分子受麦卡锡主义和"地位政治"概念的启发,发掘出平民主义的阴暗面,而他们的观点又受到在民权运动中成长起来的新左派史家的修正,双方就平民主义的本质展开了激烈争论。平民主义研究在20世纪后半期不断推陈出新,出现了关注"运动文化"的社会、文化分析路径和多种政治分析的新范式,研究主题得到不断扩充和丰富。20世纪末以来,随着右翼民粹主义势力的崛起,该领域又呈现出新的转向,当前的"特朗普现象"或许会成为影响其下一步走向的关键。

The political ideology and social movement that American farmers protested against social injustice in the late19 th century are known as'Populism'.The research on this subject by American academia has experienced several paradigm shifts under the influence of political ecology and historical trends.Progressive historians created a classic research model which centered on'interest conflicts'in the context of the Great Depression.Inspired by McCarthyism and the concept of'status politics',intellectuals represented by Richard Hofstadter exposed Populism’s dark sides However,their arguments were revised by the New Left historians who grew up in the Civil Rights Movement.The two sides had a heated debate on the nature of Populism.Populism scholarship went through unceasing innovations in the second half of the 20 th century,which proposed the social and cultural analysis approaches focusing on'movement culture'as well as a variety of new paradigms on political analysis.The research themes has been constantly expanded and enriched.With the rise of right-wing populism,this field has taken a new turn since the end of the 20 th century.The current Trump phenomenon may be a key factor for its next step.