清代河政体系下的河兵研究

Study on the Riverway Governor's Soldiers under the River Management System of the Qing Dynasty

河兵是清代河政体系下河工任务的执行者,随着河政的发展,逐渐取代河夫成为基层河工力量的中坚。河兵在南河重点布防,体现了清代治河保运的河政指导思想。河兵的主要职责有巡察维护、积土种植办料、修防堵决、治运助漕、维护治安等五个方面,是河政发展的要求。随着河兵在河工中核心地位的确立,河政体系的运行变得有序且高效。但至晚清,河兵的数量和素质发生了较大变化,从少而精变为冗而杂,其变化主线与河政从兴起到崩坏的发展轨迹基本吻合。

The Riverway Governor’s soldiers were the concrete implementer of river work under the river management system of the Qing dynasty.With the development of the river management system,the Riverway Governor’s soldiers gradually replaced the farmers as the backbone of the river work.The defensive emphasis of the Riverway Governor’s soldiers was on the Nanhe River,which reflects the guiding ideology of'harnessing the Yellow River and defending the canal'in the Qing dynasty.The main duties of the Riverway Governor’s soldiers were inspection,maintenance,soil planting,repair and prevention of blockade,traffic control and transportation,and maintenance of public security,which were the basic requirement of the river management system with the development of the river administration.With the establishment of the Riverway Governor’s soldiers’core status in the river work,the operation of the river management system became orderly and efficient.The number and quality of the Riverway Governor’s soldiers had undergone major changes in the late Qing dynasty,ranging from small to sophisticated and redundant,and its main line of change was basically in line with the developmental trajectory of the river management system from ascendance to collapse.