论《周礼》建军模式与战国秦军制的差异

On the Difference Between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty in Military System

《周礼》王六军的建军模式与战国时期秦国军制具有不同的形态。《周礼》军队以"夫家"为单位,每家出兵一人,各级军队组织完全建立在民政组织之上。而秦国军制在商鞅变法之后,国家根据所掌握的傅籍名册按照一定次序征发男子"更代"服役。军队组织已经脱离民政组织独立发展,以个人为单位统一编列。《周礼》的建军模式与《国语·齐语》所见春秋齐国军制类同,应该看作是对西周晚期到春秋时期军制改革成果的追述。

A great difference between the Western Zhou and the Qin dynasty exists in military system.According to Rites of the Zhou, a book on ritual matters of the Zhou dynasty, written 2000 years ago, the king's army was constructed with household as basic unit, namely, each household was obligated to send a man to join the king's army as a soldier and the military organizations at all levels were constructed on civil administration agencies. After the Shang Yang reform(a political reform launched by Shang Yang, an important minister of Qin State), in contrast, the Qin state enlisted a man into military service on the list of service-age men nationwide, which means that the army of Qin State was constructed, with individual as basic unit,independent from civil administration agencies. A conclusion is drawn that the army building mode of the Western Zhou dynasty in Rites of the Zhou is similar to that of Qi State in the Spring and Autumn period and thus the mode in Rites of the Zhou should be viewed as one of the results of the military system reform which took place between the late Western dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period.