私法领域内动态体系的发展

The Development of a Flexible System in the Area of Private Law

私法的发展面临着新的困境:一方面,传统私法因其僵硬的概念和僵化的体系,难以满足社会的需要;另一方面,诉诸正义、衡平、理性和良知等观念的主张赋予法官过大的自由裁决权,从而突破了法律的限制。为此,本文提倡使用"动态构造+弹性规范"即探究法律规范本身及其构成要素的方法来克服这一难题:在损害赔偿法领域,应当放弃试图确立绝对效力的法律原则的解决方案,承认责任源于多个要素或动态力量的相互作用即特殊结合和强度,如果某要素强度特殊,它自身可能足以使责任成立;在合同法领域,尤其是在合同效力的认定上,应当将合同诚信原则、当事人利益的保护、不公平获利情况、当事人的过错行为纳入考虑;在不当得利领域,需要考虑的是:得利的观念和错误、胁迫、欺诈及其他相似力量的相互作用。因此,动态体系论可能会增加法官的职责,但以弹性方式所作的决定可以为制定法提供更为牢固的支持。

Private law faces a new dilemma as it develops. On the one hand,it is difficult for traditional private law to meet the needs of society,for its stiff concepts and rigid system,on the other hand,broad discretion of judges breaks the legal limits by resorting to the concepts of justice,equity,reason and conscience and so on. To this end,this inaugural address advocates using the method of 'moving forces and elastic norms',namely to explore both legal norms and their elements to overcome the aforementioned problem. In the law of damages,one should give up trying to establish the legal principles with absolute effects,and admit that the liability could arise from the interactions among a number of factors or moving forces,such as their special combination and intensity. If any factor has special intensity,it can adequately establish the liability by itself. In contract law,especially on the determination of the validity of contracts,the principle of good faith,the protection of the interests of the parties of the contract,unfair profits and the negligent acts of the parties should be taken into account. In the field of unjust enrichment,the interplay of the idea of enrichment with mistake,intimiation,fraud and other similar forces should be taken into consideration. Therefore,the method of a flexible system may increase the responsibility of judges while decisions made by elastic norms can provide stronger supports for the statutes.