使学校适应儿童:华虚朋的文纳特卡制

Adapt the school to children:Winnetka Plan of Carleton Wolsey Washburne

美国著名教育家华虚朋在文纳特卡中学的改革被教育史界普遍称为"文纳特卡制"。文纳特卡制批判传统的课程与教学,强调学生的个体差异。改革涉及课程、教材、教法和管理等方面,其中以课程改革最为突出。文纳特卡制中的课程分为两部分,第一部分是以读、写、算为主的基础课程,主要采用个别教学法;第二部分是社会科,主要采用社会教学法,即团体活动和创造活动。自20世纪20年代以来,文纳特卡制对美国乃至全世界的教育产生了深远的影响,成为个别教学法的典范。

The educational reform conducted by the famous American educator Carleton Wolsey Washburne in Wennetka Middle School has been widely known as the Winnetka Plan. The Plan criticized traditional curriculums and teaching while emphasizing the differences of individual students. The reform involved curriculums, textbooks, teaching methods and educational management, among which curriculum reform was the most resounding. The curriculums in the Winnetka Plan were divided into two parts. The first part was the basic courses, including reading, writing and calculation, mainly adopting individual instruction. The second part was social sciences, mainly using the social teaching method, namely, group activities and creative activities. Since the 1920 s, the Winnetka Plan has had a profound impact on the education in the United States and even the world over and it has been a model of individual instruction.