怎样消除收入分配中的“剥削”?

On the Removal of "Exploitation" in the Income Distribution

长期以来按照传统理论,人们已经形成了这样一种观念:只有按劳分配才消灭了剥削存在的所有制根源,因此没有剥削。按生产要素分配等于是按投入的各种生产要素资本进行"按资分配",得到的只能是剥削收入。因此我国分配制度改革遇到的最大观念障碍,就是按生产要素分配会不会产生"剥削"?文章对剥削的定义、剥削对象的质和量进行了论述,并且分析了剥削产生的根源除了私有制以外,还有对生产资料使用和支配权的垄断等因素。同时还分析了劳动创造价值应该是指过去的物化劳动和现在的活劳动共同创造价值,因此物质资本和人力资本都应该根据其自身的价值、供求关系和贡献度来参与劳动成果的分配,这样才能既充分发挥各种生产要素的效率,又充分体现分配中的公平,消除剥削产生的条件。

For years, there has emerged such a notion in line with the traditional theory that the distribution based on work can uproot the exploitation ownership, hence no exploitation. As the distribution based on key production factors equals distribution based on capital in proportion to the capital of various key production factors invested, what results is the income of exploitation. As such, the biggest ideological barrier to reforming the distribution system in our country centers round the issue whether the distribution based on key production factors will cause 'exploitation'. This paper expounds the definition of exploitation and the quality and quantity of exploitees. It is pointed out that besides the private ownership such factors as the monopoly over the use and control of production means can cause exploitation and that the distribution according to key production factors in the market economy can not be viewed rigidly. Moreover, it is also opined that the creation of value by labor embodies the value of previous and present labor and that material capital and manpower capital should participate in the distribution of labor profits in proportion to their self-worth, the relationship between supply and demand and their respective contribution. It is only by so doing can we both give full play to the efficiency of various key production factors and eradicate factors conducive to exploitation.