历史的悖论——洛克的自然状态学说

A Historic Paradox: On Locke's "Nature State Theory

洛克的《政府论》,既是对17世纪英国资产阶级革命的理论阐述与总结,也是对其自由主义思想的系统申张。其中"自然状态"学说以及以"自然法"为内容设计出来的政治形式与社会构成,对于近代西方的政治学说和政治实践都产生了深远的影响。然而,洛克的"自然状态"学说由于过分地强调一种永恒的自然法的形式对规定个人权利不可侵犯的意义,因而表现在对"义务"、"社会自由"以及对"国家在促进自由发展中积极作用"的忽视等诸方面出现了认识上的偏差,从而也就形成了他思想中的历史与非历史的悖论:这就是自由的历史性与他对"自由"理解的非历史性之间的矛盾。

Locke's On Government is a summary of the theory of England's capitalist revolution as well as an illustration of the liberty thought. The political form and the social constituent based on the 'Nature State Theory' and the 'Nature Law' has influenced modern political theories and practice in the Western countries. However, Locke's 'Nature State Theory' puts too much emphasis on the significance of a person's inviolable rights regulated by the eternal nature law. Thus he has ignored the 'duty', the 'social liberty' and the 'positive role played by the state to enhance the liberty'. The above misunderstandings lead to shape his ideological paradox between history and non-history, i.e. the contradictions between the history of the liberty and the non-history of his understanding of liberty.