瑞士绿色水电评价和认证方法

Swiss Assessment Standard and Certification Procedure for Green Hydro

水电是瑞士最重要的能源。大约60％的瑞士内陆电力来源于水力发电。瑞士是世界上单位面积水电产量最高的国家之一,其次是奥地利,挪威和日本。自60年代初以来,由于水电开发,瑞士许多河流的生态完整性被显著改变了。自然状态或至少是自由流淌的河流系统已几乎荡然无存。由于环境的急剧恶化,社会对天然河流系统的关注升温了,越来越多的人愿意为获取绿色电力而支付额外费用。但是,界定绿色水电并不那么简单。水电有着温室气体排放量低的天然优势,但它对当地水系统干预较大。在实践中,处理好水电对全球和当地环境成本效益的关系至关重要。因此,瑞士联邦环境科学与技术研究院(EAWAG)进行了一项研究工作,通过研究项目设计了一套以生态协调模式进行水电生产的指导原则。根据该评价原则,水电只有在对全球和当地环境造成的影响最小时,才能被认为是绿色能源。在案例研究经验和专家组评议的基础上,该项目于2001年6月发布了绿色水电厂的评价手册和认证程序。该手册提供了一套可以根据当地实际边界条件进行调整的评价程序,包括生态目标、基本标准和背景资料以及评价方法。河流系统的生态完整性可以采用基于环境影响和水电设施管理方面的五因素环境管理矩阵进行分析。最后,该方法还涉及到当地投资集团。

Hydropower is the most important energy source in Switzerland. Approximately 60% of the inland electricity production is generated by hydropower. The ecological integrity for many rivers has been changed dramatically since the early 60s. Natural or at least free flowing rivers systems have disappeared almost totally. On the basis of considerable environmental degradation, the concern for natural river systems is growing within society and more people are willing to pay extra money for so called green electricity. In practice, it is anything but trivial to deal with the dilemma of global and local environmental costs and benefits. Therefore, the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology established a research project to achieve credible guidelines for hydroelectricity generated in an ecologically compatible manner. According to our assessment principles hydropower can only be regarded as green if it minimizes both, global and local burdens on the environment. Based on case study experiences and expert panels an assessment handbook and a certification procedure for green hydropower plants have been published in June 2001.