热环境对不同冲刺能力的影响和训练启示

Influence of heat environment on different sprint ability and enlightenment

体育竞技比赛中往往需要运动员在高温条件下进行各种冲刺跑(包括单次冲刺、反复性冲刺和间歇性冲刺)。探讨热环境对冲刺能力的影响,来揭示其机理,并提出相应的缓解热环境对冲刺能力影响的策略,为周期性竞速项目和球类项目运动员在热环境下的训练和备赛提供参考和依据。研究结论:1)肌肉温度的适度上升或许有利于单次冲刺或者多回合冲刺中的前几次冲刺成绩。然而在反复冲刺中,机体能力随着温度的升高会到达一个临界点,核心温度过高会影响运动员的冲刺能力,因此合理控制运动员的体温是关键,核心温度过高或者过低,均会影响运动员的冲刺能力。2)预冷法是提高运动员在热环境中冲刺能力较为快速且便捷的方法。预冷法的效果并不是普适的,这种差异也可能与采用的预冷却方法的多样性有关(如冷水浸泡、冰夹克、冷水摄入以及风扇等),应根据实际情况(如环境温度、运动项目、比赛场地和机体状态)来合理选择预冷方式。3)热习服训练可以改善运动员在高温环境中的冲刺能力,但适应时间相对较长。为了将热习服的适应效果最大化,热习服阶段应至少要达到2周,此外,运动员应在与比赛场地相同的热环境中进行热习服训练。

In sports competitions,athletes are often required to perform various sprints under high temperature conditions(including single sprint,repeated sprint and interval sprint).This study intends to reveal the mechanism by exploring the influence of hot environment on sprint ability,and proposes corresponding strategies to alleviate the impact of heat environment on sprint ability,so as to provide training and competition preparation references for the athlete of periodic racing sports and ball games in hot environment.Conclusions:1)A moderate increase in muscle temperature may be beneficial for the single sprint or the first few sprints in multiple rounds of sprint.However,with the core temperature increase,the repeated sprint ability will reach a critical point and decline,therefore,it is vital to maintaining the athletes’body temperature reasonably,if the core temperature too high or too low,it will affect the athletes’repeated sprint ability;2)The pre-cooling method is a relatively quick and convenient method to improve the sprint ability of athletes in heat environment.However,the effect of the pre-cooling method is not universal,and this difference may also be related to the diversity of the pre-cooling methods(such as cold water immersion,ice cold water jacket,intake and fan etc.).The pre-cooling method should be used reasonably according to the actual situation(such as the environment temperature,the competition field and the state of athlete);3)Heat acclimatization training can improve the sprint ability of athletes in hot environment,but the adaptation time is relatively long.In order to maximize the adaptation of the heat acclimatization,the heat acclimatization phase should be at least 2 weeks.In addition,the athletes should undergo heat acclimatization training in the same heat environment as the competition venue.