对同业公会所有权的历史唯物主义辨析

A Historical Materialist Analysis on Guild Ownership

不论是在黑格尔的法哲学中,还是在马克思关于历史发展的辩证叙述中,同业公会所有权都扮演着现代历史新旧交替过程中颇为重要的角色。以同业公会为基础的城镇手工业经济和所有权,一方面显示着有别于封建庄园所有权的平民性质,一种在集体性和组织性中获得有限个人属性的财产机制;另一方面却又明显与市民社会中新生的资本主义私人所有权有着本质区别,具有道德属性的行业价值和规范所形成的寡头化的政治力量阻挠着纯粹自由市场及其个人价值的发展。被马克思在《德意志意识形态》中称为"特殊的封建形式"的同业公会,作为封建政治经济秩序向近代过渡的重要载体,其旧市民社会的历史特质与城市工业生产辩证地共存,其内部封闭的人身依附关系与对抗封建地产贵族辩证地共存。同业公会所有权辩证的历史特质不失为考察思维与利益、政治与经济、国家与市民社会之间内在联系的重要历史侧面。

G uild plays an indis pens ible role in the his torical development for modern civilization,both in the Hegelian philosophy of right and Karl Marx’s historical theory.The proprietary and handicraft industry based on the guild is obviously different from the feudalist proprietary,which can be identified as populace and individual property organized by the guild.It also differs from the capitalist individual proprietary on the other hand,because the guild proprietary still is constrained by the regulation on the moral sense and the political power from the oligarchy.The evolution of the content of guild proprietary and its political concept actually provides a historical dimension for a close observation upon the connection between the thoughts and interests,politics and economy,as well as state and civil society.