中国体育政策试验:类型、路径、困境与破解

Sports Policy Experiments in China:Types,Paths,Difficulties and Solutions

体育政策试验作为中国模式的有力探索,是中国特有的一种政策检验工具和治理之道,更是历史和现实选择的必然。通过文献资料法、内容分析法和案例分析法,以体育政策试验概念(体育政策试验是我国体育政策过程中特有的一种政策探索、制定与创新机制)界定为切入点,从政策试验类型(立法试验和试点)视角分析探讨了1978—2018年我国体育政策试验的历史渊源、演变趋势与现实发展。通过政策试验运行过程聚焦我国体育政策试验央地上下关系及试验区域(单位)选择,分析了央地在医保健身卡政策试验(自下而上路径)和学校体育场馆开放政策试验(自上而下路径)路径选择、推广、解释、执行等过程中的运行与互动关系,针对政策试验与法治合规、政策试验内外统一协作、试验事权与地方财权保障之现实困境提出破解之法,进而为政府提出普适性和可操作性的体育政策建议提供依据。

As a powerful exploration of China’s model,sports policy experiment is a unique tool for policy testing and governance in China,it is also an inevitable choice of history and reality. By means of documentation,content analysis and case analysis,this paper discussed the historical origin of China’s sports policy experiment on evolution trend and realistic development from 1978 to 2018. We adopted the perspective of the type of policy experiment(legislative test and pilot)and the definition of the concept of sports policy experiment,which is a unique policy exploration,formulation and innovation mechanism in the process of China’s sports policy. Through focusing on the relationship between the central government and the local government and the selection of the experimental areas(units)in the process of policy test operation,this paper analyzed the operation and interaction of the central government in the process of health care body card policy test(bottom-up path)and school sports stadium opening policy test(top-down path)path selection,promotion,interpretation and implementation. In view of the realistic dilemma of policy test and rule of law compliance,internal and external unification and cooperation of policy test,trial power and local financial rights protection,this paper puts forward some solutions,and then provides the basis for the government to put forward universally applicable and operable sportspolicy recommendations.