中国猕猴类(Macaca)的演化

CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPSOF CHINESE MACAQUES

在中国有6种猕猴分布:M.mulatta、M.cyclopis、M.assamensis、M.thibetana、M.nemestrina、和M.arctoides。本文基于某些头骨特征的比较和35个比例性状的聚类分析,对这几个种的亲缘关系进行了探讨,结果表明:M.assamensis和M.thibetana、M.mulatta和M.cyclopis关系最为接近,在前两者相聚以后,与M.nemestrina相聚成一大支系,后两者与M.arctoides相聚成另一大支系,最后两大支系聚在一起成为中国猕猴类的亲缘关系图。

There are five species of macaques in China's Mainland: M. mulatta, M. assamensis, M. thi-betana, M. nemestrina and M. arctoides. The cluster analysis of 35 proportional characters of skull demonstrates that: M. assamensis and M. thibetana have the closest relationship, then cluster with M. nemestrina to form one branch, and M. mulatta and M. arctoides form another branch, finally, all the five species cluster together. Interspecific Euclidean distances and groupings support Fooden's (1976, 1980) classification of the genus Macaca into four species groups. The phylogeny tree also shows living Asian macaques diverged into two branches at earlier stage, one presents slower trends in foramen occipitale magnum and condylus occipita-lis moving ventrally forward, rostral shortening and vault enlarging, such as M. nemestrina, M. assamensis, M. thibetana. Excluding M. sylvanus, in this branch, silenus group radiated from west to east and south, and sinica group radiated from west to east and north, the divergence of these two groups probably relates to allo-patric speciation. Another branch presents faster trends in foramen occipitale magnum and condylus occipitalis moving ventrally forward, rostral shortening and vault enlarging, such as M. mulatta, M. arctoides. In this branch, M. arctoides has sympatric distribution with fascicularis group in heartland area of South Asia, the divergence probably relates to M. arctoides developed special external reproductive organ and they tended to adapt different habitats. The result differs from other authors in that M. arctoides is more similar with M. mulatta, and less similar with M. assamensis and M. thibetana (Delson, 1980; Caldecott, 1986), or M. arctoides appears to be the most divergent of the macaques (Weiss et al., 1973; Melnik et al., 1985; Zhang et al., 1990).