从天水赵氏看唐代中小士族的兴衰

A Look at the Rise and Fall of Middle and Small Scholars in Tang Dynasty from Zhao's Family in Tianshui

天水赵氏作为唐代中小士族的代表,它的兴衰不仅与社会政治生活密切相关,更与其家族各支的职业特征、文化教育程度甚至家风息息相关。天水赵氏的几大房成员早期担任武职者较多,而且以地处边地的敦煌天水赵氏、河北天水赵氏更为显著,而地处河南南阳、京兆奉天新安天水赵氏房的成员则以中进士人数众多而闻名。从职业特点来看,地处边地的敦煌天水赵氏经历了从武职职业逐渐向文职职业的转变;而后迁居京兆奉天的新安赵氏成员在唐初时也有担任武职者,但迁居后,其家族中担任学士等文职、进士及第者明显增多;天水赵氏南阳房可以说是天水赵氏中文化最发达、势力最昌盛的一支,这大概是因为洛阳是唐代后期政治中心,南阳距离洛阳近,有地域优势的原因。天水赵氏通过与唐初新贵及六朝旧族的世代联姻,不仅加强了其世代结成的政治同盟,而且也为其家族门风的转变提供了依据,为其家族成员在动荡的社会环境下的发展提供了多样的可能与途径。

As the representative of the middle and small intellectuals in Tang Dynasty, the rise and fall of Zhao clanin Tianshui is closely related not only to social and political life, but also to the professional characteristics, educational level and even family style of each branch of his family. Several members of Zhao’s house in Tianshui heldmore military posts in the early years, especially in Dunhuang Tianshui Zhao’s house and Hebei Tianshui Zhao’shouse, while those in Nanyang, Henan Province and Tian’an Tianshui Zhao’s house in Fengzhao, Beijing, were famous for their large numbers of Zhongjin scholars. From the perspective of professional characteristics, the Zhaofamily of Tianshui in Dunhuang, located in the border area, has undergone a gradual transition from military to civil-ian occupation;and then the members of Zhao family of Xin’an who moved to Fengtian in Beijing Zhao also took upmilitary positions in the early Tang Dynasty, but after their relocation, the number of civilian posts such as bachelors, progressives and ranks in their family has increased significantly;Nanyang room of Zhao family of Tianshui canbe said to be the most developed and influential culture in Zhao family of Tianshui. The most prosperous one is probably because Luoyang was the political center in the late Tang Dynasty. Nanyang was close to Luoyang and had regional advantages. The Zhao family in Tianshui not only strengthened the political alliance formed by the new nobles in the early Tang Dynasty and the old clans in the Six Dynasties, but also provided the basis for the transformation of their family style, and provided various possibilities and ways for the development of their family members inthe turbulent social environment.