重思“差序格局”——兼与朱苏力教授商榷

Rethinking the“Differential Mode of Association”——Discuss with Prof. Zhu Suli

费孝通先生并没有放弃"差序格局"这一概念;"差序格局"兼具事实(即客观的社会关系的差序格局)和规范(即伦理准则、价值标准上的差序格局)两个层面的意涵;"差序格局"与"团体格局"之间既是伦理上之"肯定和适应现世"和"拒斥并宰制现世"的中西之异,又是客观社会关系形态上之"熟人社会"和"陌生人社会"的古今之别;当中国社会从传统乡土型熟人社会进入现代陌生人社会,从而"差序格局"中客观社会关系的层面无法再维持之后,伦理规范取向上的"差序格局"也就不能继续维持下去,而必须培育确立起普遍主义的伦理准则和道德精神。像"差序格局"这样旨在揭示特定社会、特定时代之特殊性格的概念的效能和价值,须放到社会变迁的历史进程中来检视。

Mr.Fei Xiaotong did not abandon the concept of'differential mode of association'.This concept has the meaning of both facts(that is the differential order of objective social relations)and norms(that is the differential order of ethical norms and value standards).The difference between the'differential mode of association'and'organizational mode of association'are both the difference between Chinese and western ethics of'affirming and adapting to the present world'and'rejecting and dominating the present world',and the difference between the ancient'acquaintance society'andmodern'strangers society'in the objective social relations.When Chinese society steps into the modern strangers society from the traditional rustic acquaintance community,'the differential mode of association'in the objective social relation can no longer be maintained,so the'the differential mode of association'in ethics is impossible to continue to exist.Therefore,it is necessary to cultivate and establish the ethical standard and moral spirit of universalism.The efficacy and value of concepts such as'the differential mode of association',which aim to reveal the special character of a particular society and time,must be examined in the historical process of social change.