威尔逊主义的退潮与门罗主义的再解释——区域霸权与全球霸权的空间观念之争

The Ebb of Wilsonism and the Reinterpretation of Monroe Doctrine——The Debate of Space Concepts between Regional Hegemony and Global Hegemony

威尔逊总统在1919年的行动将美国的国际威望推向高峰,但也使得威尔逊主义与门罗主义的关系成为一个尖锐的问题。威尔逊论证其政策主张是门罗主义的自然发展,但其国内政敌认为威尔逊主义将导致欧洲列强通过国际联盟来干涉美国事务,从而违背了门罗主义。在德国,卡尔·施米特更系统地论证威尔逊主义与门罗主义相互对立,并主张德国可以根据美国门罗主义的先例,在欧洲建立自身的"大空间"秩序。日本在威尔逊执政之前即存在"亚洲门罗主义"话语,当其大陆扩张受到国联秩序限制时,日本同样强烈主张门罗主义,并参考施米特的论述,为自身侵略性的区域秩序主张提供国际法论证。威尔逊所激化的话语冲突,其背后是区域霸权的多元空间性主张与全球霸权的全球普遍同质主张之间的斗争。回顾这段历史,有助于今人更深刻地理解当代全球政治秩序演变中的结构性冲突。

Although president Woodrow Wilson brought the international prestige of the U.S.to a new height in 1919,his bold action also intensified the conflict between Wilsonianism and the Monroe Doctrine.Wilson legitimized his diplomatic policy as the natural development of the Monroe Doctrine,but his domestic political adversaries contended that Wilson had incurred the risk that European powers could interfere with the affairs of the U.S.and the western hemisphere by manipulating the League of Nations.In Germany,Carl Schmitt systematized the thesis that Wilsonianism represents a betrayal of the Monroe Doctrine.He further proposed a new version of international law based upon the notion Gro?raum,according to which Germany could establish its own Gro?raum after the precedent of the Monroe Doctrine.Japan had already used the discourse of the'Asiatic Monroe Doctrine'before the rise of Wilson.When its expansion on the Asian continent was thwarted by the League of Nations,Japan again turned to the Monroe Doctrine and invented a new discourse of international law based upon the Schmittian theoretical initiative.Behind the conflict of these discourses lies the tension between the pluralistic spatial vision of the regional hegemons and the universal-homogeneous vision of the global hegemon.A glance at this controversy may shed lights on the structural conflict in the evolution of thecontemporary global political order.