“双百方针”：1950年代中国话语的自觉性表现

“Double-hundred Policy”:The Consciousness of Chinese Discourse in 1950s

由于接受苏联的援助,1950年代中前期的中国话语呈低位运行态势。'双百方针'则标志着低位运行时期出现了中国话语的自觉性表现。在全面学习苏联经验的大背景下,为何会提出连苏联也不理解的'双百方针'呢?'双百方针'与克服斯大林错误之间存在交错关系,后者启发了前者。毛泽东认为,随着斯大林错误的公开揭露,共产党、社会主义内部不应该再让教条主义和思想僵化者来统治,必须发扬社会主义民主。当时中国的思想工作在很大程度上仍受死啃书本和陈规旧矩之苦,没有意见的交锋,没有理论论战,这些正是'双百方针'所要解决的问题。'双百方针'来自中国春秋战国时代诸子百家的传统,'百花齐放,百家争鸣'的话语形式形象化,使用对偶的句子来概括,都是典型的中国话语自觉性表现。后来,'双百方针'的贯彻执行呈现出摇摆状态,甚至一度'百花齐放都没有了',这反映出中国话语的复杂性。中国话语的构建不能被异化为越多越好或者越纯越好,必须以有利于中国的现代化为标准。

Thanks to the assistance of the Soviet Union,Chinese discourse in the middle and early 1950 s was running at a low level.The'Double-hundred Policy'symbolizes the self-conscious expression of Chinese discourse during that period.In the context of learning from the Soviet Union in an all-round way,why put forward the'Double-hundred Policy'which even the Soviet Union did not understand?This is intertwined with overcoming Stalin’s mistakes,which inspired the former.At that time,China’sideological work was still suffering the grinding of books and outmoded rules,no confrontation of opinions,no theoretical debate.These were the problems to be solved by the'Double-hundred Policy'.The'Double-hundred Policy'comes from the tradition of various schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.The implementation of the'Double-hundred Policy'shows a wavering state,which reflects the complexity of Chinese discourse.The construction of Chinese discourse can’t be alienated as the more the better or the purer the better.It must be in favor of China’s modernization.