学校体育伤害事故的责任归属与保障机制研究

Research on the Responsibility and Security Mechanism for Sports-related Injuries in Schools

学校体育伤害事故是学校体育开展的主要障碍之一,本文以现有法律法规为基础对学校体育伤害事故的致因、责任归属与保障机制等问题进行研究,结果认为:学校体育伤害事故发生的致因分为人的因素、物的因素、社会因素、管理因素和综合因素五类;学校体育伤害事故的责任归属主要有学校承担责任、学生承担责任、第三方承担责任、多方共同承担责任以及由于不可抗拒因素造成的责任五种形式;研究进一步认为当前我国缺乏针对学校体育伤害事故的立法保障,因此建议从法律保障和构建保险体系两个方面对学校体育伤害事故进行保障。制定和完善学校体育伤害事故的针对性法律,为学校体育伤害事故的各方提供有效的法律保障;参照国外经验建立和完善责任赔偿制度,促使学校体育伤害事故的责任赔偿社会化;促使"甘冒风险"和学校、政府的免责制度的实施,使伤害赔偿社会化。从国家层面对学校体育参与涉及的相关保险进行立法,对于风险较高的体育项目设立强制保险和附加保险;根据体育伤害事故的责任类型和构成要素进行多元险种设计是"依法治体"保障学校体育科学发展的基本路径。

Sports-related injuries in schools are one of the main obstacles to the development of physical education in schools.In this paper,based on existing laws and regulations,we study the causes and the responsibility and security mechanism for sports-related injuries in schools and conclude that:the causes of the occurrence of sports-related injuries in schools mainly include human factors,material factors,social factors,management factors and comprehensive factors;the responsibilities for sports-related injuries in schools should be borne by schools,students and third parties,or jointly borne by multiple parties,or borne by the parties concerned as result of a force majeure event.The study has further found that there is currently no law or regulation on sports-related injuries in schools,so it is suggested that sports-related injuries in schools should be protected from the two aspects of legal protection and establishment of insurance systems.A law targeted at sports-related injuries in schools should be formulated and improved to provide effective legal protection for all parties concerned in sports-related injuries in schools.Foreign experience in establishing and improving liability compensation system can be used as reference to promote compensation socialization for sports-related injuries in schools,urge to implement the exemption system for schools and governments and socialize compensations for injuries.The legislation for insurance covering sports in schools at the national level should be carried out to establish compulsory insurance and additional insurance for high-risk sports events.Diversified insurance design according to the types of responsibilities and constituent elements for sports-related injury accidents is the basic path to'administer sports by law'and ensure scientific sports development in schools.