世界级水平冠军运动员的心理韧性要素分析及其相互关系

Factors Analysis and Interrelations of World-class Champion Athletes' Resilience

以质性研究的范式,对世界级水平冠军运动员的心理韧性特质及形成进行探索。采用"画生命线图"与"关键事件访谈法"两者结合的方法,对12名世界级水平冠军运动员进行访谈。使用Nvivo 8.0对电子文本进行编码,在151个开放式编码基础上产生3大范畴的核心式编码:即挫折类型、心理韧性品质、心理韧性保护性因素。通过提取不少于一半人数的22个开放式编码及典型编码,揭示世界级水平冠军运动员的主要挫折类型、核心心理韧性品质以及核心心理韧性保护性因素。最后在此基础上总结出以核心式编码建构的心理韧性品质和心理韧性保护性因素的相互关系,以期为优秀运动员的心理韧性培养及健康成长提供借鉴。

World champion athletes are a special group.Their resilience has been drawing more and more attention from experts and scholars in recent years as it has been recognized as a key factor for the championship competition.In top-level sports,psychological weakness can affect athletes' ability to cope with stressful situations and ultimately prevent them from reaching their peak level.Strong resilience,on the other hand,can improve their ability to carry out higher-level performance.However,the dynamic process of how resilience is built up remains largely unknown.Therefore,the present study qualitatively investigated the world champion athletes' resilience,in order to find out the major factors and formation process of resilience.Twelve world champion athletes participated in one-on-one in-depth interviews focused on key life events provided by the participants themselves.Each interview lasted 45 to 90minutes and was recorded with participants' consent.With the standard procedure of the grounded theory,the interview data were transcribed to electronic text afterwards and analyzed with Nvivo8.0.The results show three aspects are related to resilience factors and its protective factors,discussed as below:(1)Considering frequency,codes mentioned by more than50% of the participants were kept,22 open codes in total.The results reveal that the main contributors to world champion athletes' frustration are injury,failure and unfairness while the main factors of their resilience are personal traits,self-encouragement and self-regulation.(2)The main protective factors of resilience fall into two categories,internal factors and external factors.Internal factors include self-motivation system and social relationship maintenance system.External factors include coaching support,team support and family,with a descending order of importance.(3)Based on further analysis of their relationships,an interrelations of resilience and its protective factors is built.All the factors affect our participants' development and can be applied to other athletes.(4)The present study has obtained satisfactory reliability and validity.However,due to the nature of qualitative studies,the external validity still needs to be further tested.Nevertheless,factors and protective factors of resilience,the relationship between these two,and the interactive model of them developed by the present study have both theoretical and practical significance.