运动暴力之观众暴力:微观社会学理论

Spectator Violence in Sport Violence:A Micro-Sociological Theory

可将观众暴力分为有赖于比赛的观众暴力和发生于场外的观众暴力。有赖于比赛的观众暴力有观众闯入球场,观众向场内掷物,观众和选手对打,观众和观众互殴等形式。选手在打斗时,双方地位基本平等,大致属于公平竞赛;而当选手打观众及观众打观众时,双方势力严重不对等,只能说是恃强凌弱。可将发生于场外的观众暴力分为庆祝之骚乱和失败之骚乱,这两种骚乱也都有可能是政治骚乱。足球流氓是作为精巧技术的场外暴力:大家精心设计运动项目,以让球迷产生情绪上的共鸣以及群体性的团结;流氓精心设计流氓暴力,以让打斗帮助他们产生共鸣并加强团结。对足球流氓而言,情境化的技巧既是他们行为的关键,也是流氓行为魅力的来源。足球暴力最早在20世纪早期出现在英格兰。现在,足球暴力遍布世界了;但那些最暴力的骚乱,反倒远离英国足球流氓的行为轨道。足球暴力还与看台的形式、交通方式有关。大众商业娱乐时代同时也是表演者统治的时代;无论是朋克的社会技术,还是足球流氓的社会技术,都是观众反抗演员/选手以进入行动中心的方式。

Spectator violence takes several forms:fans can invade the field,or throw things at the players from a distance;players might fight with spectators,although this is rarer;and fans can fight with each other during the game.Players' fights are very much like staged fair fights,similar to those of duelists.Keeping the fight balanced between both sides is part of the ethos of being an elite.Spectators,however,are not elite;they act like riot crowds in attacking the weak,vastly outnumbering the opposing team when they jeer and sometimes physically attack.There are three main kinds of fan violence that happen independently:political violence and celebration and defeat riots.The offsite violence of English and European football hooligans is a special case,the most sophisticated form of sports violence.Sports are contrived to generate moments of emotional entrainment and collective solidarity among the fans;hooligan violence is contrived to provide the entrainment and solidarity of fights,without being subordinate to the players.The situational techniques of the hooligan groups are the key to their behavior,and the source of its attraction.Violence at soccer games goes back to the early twentieth century and even earlier.It has been found worldwide;some of the most violent riots have occurred far outside the orbit of British hooligans.Football hooligans are also related to the form of stand and transpotation.In the long-term view,moshers and soccer hooligans display the same evolution of social techniques.Both are forms of the revolt of the audience in an era of mass commercial entertainment.