建设工程合同溯源及特点研究

On Features and History of Construction Contract

罗马法中就规定有以不动产为标的的承揽合同,在西方国家有关不动产的规定都在承揽合同部分。考虑到建设工程的特殊性,前苏联开始把建设工程合同作为一个独立的合同加以规定,并得到我国的移植。意思自治和契约自由是合同法的基本理念,但该理念在建设工程合同领域受到公法规定的较大限制。我国民法将建设工程合同从传统承揽合同中剥离出来,强化当事人的社会责任,限制其合同自由,目的在于保护合同当事人之外社会公众的利益。但行政管制的密度过高又导致了无效建设工程合同的层出不穷,降低了社会效率,增加了社会成本。建设工程合同具有不同于普通承揽合同的特征,包括承包人只能是法人、合同的标的是完成特定建设工程的行为、国家管理的特殊性、建设工程具有计划性和次序性、建设工程合同为要式合同。

In this paper, a general survey of the system of construction contract is carried out. This paper starts with the historical evolution of the system of the construction contract in western countries. Thereafter, the authors introduce the situation in China that in the civil law of China, the system of the construction contract has been separated from the traditional contracts for work and the social liability of the contracting party has been intensified. The freedom of contract is limited for the purpose of protecting the benefits of the public. Finally, the authors present the features of the construction contract, which are different from those of the contracts for work.