退化湿地生态系统恢复的一些理论问题

Theories and techniques of degraded wetland ecosystem restoration

湿地是陆地和水生生态系统间的过渡带 .作为一种重要的自然资源 ,湿地是野生生物的栖息地 ,可调控区域内的水分循环和C、N等元素的生物地球化学循环 ;其生物生产力可为人类提供食物和商品 ,还能过滤和分解所吸纳的污染物 .由于湿地的功能未受到足够的重视 ,全世界的湿地因大量围垦和干扰而丧失或退化 .在退化湿地的恢复过程中 ,可用自我设计和设计理论、演替理论、入侵理论、河流理论、洪水脉冲理论、边缘效应理论和中度干扰假说等理论作指导 .湿地恢复的方法包括 :尽可能采用工程与生物措施相结合的方法 ,恢复湿地的供水连接 ,利用水文过程加快恢复 ,控制污染物的流入 ,修饰湿地的地形或景观 ,改良湿地土壤 ,在最佳位置重建湿地的生物群落 ,减少人类干扰 ,提高湿地的自我维持能力 ,建立缓冲带以保护自然的和恢复的湿地 。

Wetlands are the lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They provide humanity many services and commodities,are the habitats of wildlife, can control the water cycling and the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carbon,and can filter and decompose the pollutants. The wetlands suffer loss and degradation because of reclamatio and human disturbance. Some theories, such as self-design versus design theory, succession theory, invasion theory, flood pulsing theory, edge effect theory, and intermediate disturbance hypothesis, can be used to direct the restoration of wetlands. Techniques of wetland restoration include to restore the natural hydrologic conditions, to rehabilitate suitable vegetation types, to control human disturbance, to meliorate the soil or landscape, to construct the buffer region,and so on.