富营养化水体生物净化效应的研究进展

Advances in research of biological purification of eutrophic water body

水体富营养化治理已成为当今世界性难题 .解决水体富营养化问题的关键是调控水生生态系统结构 ,使其恢复自然、健康和稳定的水生生态系统功能 ,提高水生生态系统的生物净化能力 .水生高等植物及水生植被是水生生态系统中最重要的初级生产者 ,它们个体大、生长周期长、吸取和储存营养物质的能力强 ,保持和恢复一定数量的水生植物种群可抑制浮游植物的生长 ,提高系统的生物多样性 ,使水生生态系统结构更加稳定 .水生动物在水生生态系统物质和能量循环中处于十分重要的地位 .浮游动物和底栖动物可直接捕食浮游植物 ,控制浮游植物的数量 ;而改变鱼类种群结构可提高浮游动物的生物量 ,从而间接控制浮游植物的大量繁殖 ,达到治理水体富营养化的目的 .我国的生物净化研究还处于起步阶段 ,今后在水生高等植物及水生植被生物净化的关键技术及优化水产养殖新模式技术研究方面有待提高 ,这将对我国水体富营养化治理及水体可持续利用有着重要的意义 .

Eutrophication is a global problem,and the key of its controlling is to manipulate the structure of aquatic ecosystem, to recover the function of natural, healthy and stable aquatic ecosystem,and to improve the biological purification capability of eutrophic water body. Aquatic higher plant and vegetation is the most important primary producer in aquatic ecosystem,because of its large individual, long life cycle,and strong capability of absorbing nutrients. Maintaining and restoring a certain amount of aquatic plant could restrain the growth of phytoplankton, improve the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystem,and stabilize its structure. Aquatic animal plays an important role in material and energy cycles of aquatic ecosystem. Zooplankton and benthos can graze phytoplankton directly,so as to controll the number of phytoplankton. It is possible to improve the number of zooplankton by changing the structure of fish population, which might control the serious reproduction of phytoplankton, and achieve the goal of controlling eutrophication. The research of biological purification is still at its initial stage in China. In future, the following two aspects of researches should be enforced: the key technology of biologial purification of aquatic higher plant and vegetation;the new model of breed aquatics. These technologies will have a important significance to controlling eutrophication and in sustainable utilization of water body.