儒家的价值实现方式与个体性原则

The Forms for Materializing the Confucius Value and the Principle of Individuality

个体性的价值实现与普遍性的原则是密不可分的两个方面。今人所理解的个体性,基本上是西方义的原子式个体。西方传统哲学以认知的态度来看待道德和人的问题。这种态度所导致的个性、自我的抽象私人性和感性化,造成了对个性之真实性、独立性的抹杀。儒家的思想与这种观念有着根本的不同。强调“分殊”与“理一”的两极相通,在个体存有之内在性、独特性自身转变的敞开性和“通”性中达成社会及宇宙整体的和谐,这是儒家所理解的人的价值实现的基本方式。在人格成就上,儒家强调“独”。“独”是人的存在之充分的个性化和内在化。这立于“独”的人格成就,乃经历着自我之一系列的精神气质的创造性转化(变化气质),由此构成一向着他人、它物及整个世界完全敞开的开放系统(形善于外)。这使儒家所理解的人既具有不同流俗的鲜明个性,又不陷于私人性的不可交通之深渊,表现出一种独立而不倚、和而不流的人格特质。

The materialization of the value of individuality and the principle of universality cannot be separated from each other. To modem people, individuality is basically of atomic type in nature as defined in the west. Traditional philosophy in the west viewed morality and man from cognate perspective. This kind of understanding led to the abstract privacy and sentimentality of individuality and self, bringing about the denial of its truth and independence. Confucius idea in this regard is entirely different from this. It stresses the linkage between 'uniqueness' and the 'universality' , and the nature of openness of such uniqueness leading to its harmony with society and universe as a whole. This is the basic manner of materializing the value an individual seeks in accordance with the understanding of Confucianists.