新发现西周筮数的研究

A study of the latest discovered divinatory figures of the Western Zhou Dynasty

长安西仁村西周时期陶拍上的数字卦是西周存在《周易》经文的证明。西仁村采集:2上的数字卦由纵线顺箭头方向环读,共有四组筮数,转化为《周易》卦爻,依次为师、比、小畜、履四卦。而采集:1上亦纵刻筮数两行,转化为《周易》卦爻,自右迄左依次为既济、未济二卦。由师至履、既济至未济两处局部卦序,不难推想当时所用《周易》的卦序大同于今传本卦序,而且可以看出当时已存在六十四卦“非覆即变”错综关系的概念。文章还分别对陕西扶风齐家村出土的一片有字卜骨上的文字与筮数、对北京房山镇江营出土的一片卜骨上的筮数进行了识读,并对它们所采用的揲蓍法进行了推测。在对房山镇江营卜骨进行识读后,还通过对镇江营和周原西周甲骨文字刻写特点的比较,否定了字迹刻写微小者出现早、疏大者出现晚的说法,同时又指出,镇江营与周原西周甲骨文字刻写特点的相似是西周与诸侯国燕在文化上密切相关的明显证据。

The hexagrams made up of figures carved on the pottery pat (a device to make the outer wall of an earthenware solid), collected at Village Xiren, Chang'an, Shaanxi Province, of the Western Zhou Dynasty verifies the opinion that the Text of Zhouyi had come into being in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Reading by the direction of the arrow, we can get, in Collection II at Village Xiren, four groups of divinatory figures, which can be transformed into the hexagrams of Shi (The Army), Bi (Union) , Xiao Xu (Small Restraint) and L u (Treading Carefully) in order. By the partly order from Shi to Lit, and from Ji Ji (Completion) to Wei Ji (Before Completion), it is not difficult to deduce that the order of the hexagrams of Zhouyi used at that time is much similar to that of Zhouyi of the current version, and it can be seen that there had then the concept of 'if the next hexagram is not the overturned hexagram of a hexagram, it must be another indirectly related hexagram' for the relationship of two adjoining hexagrams of the 64. The paper also identifies and interprets the characters and divinatory figures on a bone excavated at Village Qijia, Fu feng County, Shaanxi Province, and the divinatory figures on a bone unearthed at Village Zhen Jiang ying, Fang shan County, Bejing and conjectures the divining methods according to the figures. By analyzing the figures on the bone at Zhen Jiang ying and comparing the carving and writing characteristics of the characters on bones at Zhen Jiang ying and Zhou yuan respectively, the paper denies the proposition that the smaller characters came into being earlier while the bigger ones later and puts forth that the similarity between the carving characteristics of the bones at the two places evidently verifies the correlation of the cultures between the Western Zhou and Yan, one of the Western Zhou's states.