论西方心理治疗由医学模式向人文模式的嬗变

Western Psychotherapy, from Medical Model to Humanistic Model

本文通过梳理以精神分析运动为主线的西方心理治疗的百余年发展 ,揭示了心理治疗理念的不断变化。由古典精神分析的“生物决定论”到新精神分析的“社会文化决定论” ,直至存在主义精神分析摆脱了决定论 ,并倡导心理和行为的自由观 ,代表了人们对心理问题所关注的层面由生物层经社会文化层向精神层的转化和提升。与之相应 ,心理治疗从单纯的医学模式中解放出来 ,实现了恢复人性的人文模式。

From a hundred year's development of psychoanalysis movement, uninterrupted evolution of therapeutic idea is revealed: start with biological determinism which classic psychoanalysis school maintains, to socio-cultural determinism which neo-psychoanalysis school advocates, until the proposition of free will instead of determinism that existential-psychoanalysis school proposes. A clue comes to light that the focus of mental problem has been moving from biological level, and then to socio-cultural level, and last, to spiritual level. Correspondingly, psychotherapy breaks away from medical model and brings about humanistic model, which is characterized by the restoration of human nature.