山西方言的小称

Studies on Diminutives of Shanxi Dialects

山西方言表示小称的基本方式有四种:一,重叠;二,前缀“圪”;三,儿缀;四,小称音。这四种方式还可以叠加使用。儿缀在山西方言里是表示动植物、衣物和家用器具、农具等的类称,在有些方言里也表小称,这种差参和地域有关。与表示衣物和家用器具、农具等类称相对的小称用重叠,如岚县“袖儿袖子:袖袖短袖|盒儿盒子:盒盒小盒儿|碗:碗碗小碗儿|锄儿锄头:锄锄小锄头”;其他的小称用前缀“圪”,如岚县“圪洞浅洞或浅坑儿|圪糁粉末状的东西”。也就是说,重叠和前缀“圪”表小的语义范围大体上是互补的。本文认为:重叠是山西方言表示小称的最主要的方式;前缀“圪”表小是名词性分音词指小这一功能重新分析(reanalysis)的结果;儿缀表小的功能可能是后起的。

There are four general diminutive representations in the dialects of Shanxi province: 1) Reduplication; 2) Prefix 'ke-' 圪; 3) Suffix '-er' 儿; 4) Diminutive rim or tone in Shanxi dialects. These four representations can be used together. Suffix '-er' 儿, a class name of animal, plant, cloth and household utensils in all Shanxi dialects, is also a diminutive in some dialects, which is connected with regional differences. Reduplication can be diminutive, corresponding tothe type of cloth and household utensils, e.g. as in suffix '-zi' 子 vs. reduplication: 袖子 means sleeve whereas 袖袖 means short sleeve; suffix '-er' 儿 vs. reduplication: 盒儿 means box whereas 盒盒 small box; word vs. reduplication: 碗 means bow whereas 碗碗 means small bow. Prefix 'ke-' 圪 is a diminutive corresponding to the other types, e.g. 圪洞 means small hole and 圪糁 means powder in Lanxian dialect. In other word, reduplication and prefix ' ke-' 圪 arecomplementarily distributed in the meaning range. The author argues that reduplication is a major diminutive representation, prefix 'ke-' 圪 is the result of constant reanalysis, and suffix '-er' 儿 as a diminutive representation was a later function.