1[1]Hall M C G, et al. Sensitivity analysis of a radiative-convective model by the adjoint method. J Atmos Sci, 1982, 39: 2038
2[2]Hall M C G. Application of adjoint sensitivity theory to an atmospheric general circulation model. J Atmos Sci, 1986, 43:2644
3[3]Errico R M, et al. Sensitivity analysis using an adjoint of the PSUNCAR mesoscale model. Mon Wea Rev, 1992, 120:1644
4[4]Rabier F, et al. An application of adjoint models to sensitivity analysis. Beitr Phys Atmosph, 1992, 65:177
5[5]Rabier F, et al. Sensitivity of forecast errors to initial conditions.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 1996, 122:121
6[6]Gelaro R, et al. Sensitivity analysis of forecast errors and the construction of optimal perturbations using singular vectors. J Atmos Sci, 1998, 15:1012
7[7]Zou X, et al. Incomplete observations and control of gravity waves in variational data assimilation. Tellus, 1992, 44A: 273
8[8]Mu M, et al. Nonlinear optimization problems in atmospheric and oceanic sciences, East-West Journal of Mathematics, 2002, Special Volume: 155
9[9]Talagrand O, et al. Variational assimilation of meteorological observation with the adjoint vorticity equation, Ⅰ: Theory. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 1987, 113:1311
10[10]Liu D C, et al. On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization. Mathematical Programming, 1989, 45:503
