地域社会变革与租佃关系——以16—18世纪赣南山区为中心

Local Community and Tenancy:South Jiangxi in the 16th and the 18th Centuries

本文从长时期的地域社会变革来解释明清时期闽赣毗邻地区的抗租风潮。 1 6世纪以来 ,赣南社会发生了巨大的变革 ,流民与土著成为社会变革的重要力量。频繁激烈的租佃斗争实际上是地域社会变迁的表现和结果。 1 8世纪以后 ,流民最终获得“永佃权” ,赣南抗租风潮渐趋平息 ,则意味着流民开始定居和“土著”化 ,背后更深刻的原因是清初紧张的人地关系通过把土地所有权分割为“田皮”、“田根”而得以缓和。闽西的抗租风潮虽没有出现流民与土著的冲突 ,但仍可从地域社会变革和人地关系方面得到解释。明清时期南方地区普遍出现的一田二主 ,甚至一田三主、四主的现象 ,更根本的原因乃是人地关系紧张导致的对土地所有权的必然分割 ,抗租风潮则是实现这种分割的具体过程。

Rent resistance along the Fujian-Jiangxi border during the Ming and Qing dynasties is examined in terms of long-term changes in local communities, especially the conflict between vagabonds and natives. Disputes between landlord and tenants were frequent and fierce, but tended to diminish and finally disappear after the 18 th century. As the refugees acquired permanent tenancy, they settled down and became natives. This had a profound and underlying cause in the tense man-land relation in the early Qing dynasty, which began to relax as the distinction was made between tianpi (tenancy) and tiangen (ownership). Similar factors explain why vagabond-native conflict was absent from disputes in western Fujian. In southern China in the Ming and Qing, it was common for two, three or four people share rights to the same piece of land. The fundamental cause of the inevitable fractionalization of ownership of land rests in the tense man-land relation. Rent resistance was a specific process to leading to this.