虚构与叙述方式——兼谈历史编纂与叙事文学在叙述方式上的分野

Fiction and Narrative Style

作为叙事文学范畴的“虚构” ,可进一步区分为题材意义上的虚构和叙述方式意义上的虚构。在“非虚构文学”(传记文学、报告文学、新新闻小说等 )这一看似矛盾的概念中 (因为自亚里士多德以来的本质论诗学中 ,判定叙事文学的文学性的根本性的标准无疑是虚构性 ) ,其“非虚构”当是就题材上说的 ,其“文学”(虚构性 )则是就叙述方式上说的。由于它在叙述方式上 ,主要采用的是显示、场景叙述 ,故其虚构性是不可避免的。过去有关这类文体是否容许适当虚构或其虚构性的限度如何把握之类问题的讨论 ,由于未区分题材学上的虚构和叙述学上的虚构 ,致使其讨论在文体理论的建设上收效甚微。

Belonging to the category of narrative literature,'fiction'can further be distinguished as the ficion in the sense of subject matter and the fiction in the sense of narrative style.ln the seemingly contradictory concept'non-fictional literature'(including biography,reportage,new journalistic novels,etc.),its non-fictional nature is in the sense that the subject matter is non-fictional while its literary nature (namely,fictional nature) is in the sense that the narrative style is literary.In non - fictional literature,the use of manifestation and scenic narration in the way of narration inevitably gives rise to its fictional nature.In the past the discussion of such questions as whetther suitable fiction is iegitimateor not in such literary genre and how to grasp the degree of fiction has contributed little to the construction of stylistic theory because of its indiscr imintion of of the two types of fiction.